Median age at menopause occurs several years earlier in Latin American women compared to women from Europe and North America with considerable variation across Latin American countries, suggesting that age at menopause is influenced by life course socioeconomic adversity and reproductive history. Different distributions for the age at menopause and physical function have been observed when comparing Latin American populations with those in Europe and North America, as well as across Latin American countries. Most studies on this subject were carried out in high-income countries and there is a lack of literature about this association in low-income countries where women differ substantially in terms of life course and reproductive histories. However, some contradictory results have also been found as a lack of variation in muscle strength was found among women from different menopausal status, thereby making it unclear whether the associations observed between menopause and performance are independent of the changes in performance associated with general aging. Some studies have examined the association between menopause and physical performance, providing evidence that perimenopausal and postmenopausal women have worse physical function than premenopausal women. Changes in hormonal exposure are one of these possible factors, since loss of muscle mass and strength associated with aging starts at an earlier age in women than in men, around the time of menopause. At older ages, women on average tend to present lower physical performance than men, suggesting that gender or sex-linked dependent factors across life may influence physical performance. These tests are integrated markers of aging, influenced by many physiological and clinical characteristics, as well as the social environment. Physical performance-lower and upper extremities functioning-may be tested by the ability to perform an action or activity, such as rising from a chair or walking.
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